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The Black Egyptian hypothesis is the contested hypothesis that Ancient Egypt was a Black civilization. It includes a particular focus on identifying links to Sub Saharan cultures and the questioning of the race of specific notable individuals from Dynastic times, including Tutankhamun and the king represented in the Great Sphinx of Giza,〔Irwin, Graham W. (1977) (Africans abroad ), Columbia University Press, p. 11〕〔Robert Schoch ,, A modified version of this manuscript was published in the "Fortean Times" (P.O. Box 2409, London NW5 4NP) No. 79, February March, 1995, pp. 34 39.〕 and Cleopatra.〔Hugh B. Price ,〕〔Charles Whitaker , In support of this, he cites a few examples, one of which is a chapter entitled "Black Warrior Queens," published in 1984 in ''Black Women in Antiquity,'' part of ''The Journal of African Civilization'' series. It draws heavily on the work of J.A. Rogers.〕〔Mona Charen ,〕 Since the second half of the 20th century, typological and hierarchical models of race have increasingly been rejected by scientists, and most (but not all) scholars have held that applying modern notions of race to ancient Egypt is anachronistic.〔”The old-fashioned chimerical concept of “race” is hopelessly inadequate to deal with the human biological reality of Egypt, ancient or modern.” C.L. Brace, “Clines and Clusters vs Race”, Black Athena Revisited, pg 162 at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=AClFWV6PE8wC&pg=PA162&dq=brace,+egyptian,+race&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TMrpT9r_Ecy0hAekt_WCDQ&ved=0CGYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=brace%2C%20egyptian%2C%20race&f=false〕〔“Contemporary physical anthropologists recognise … that race is not a useful biological concept when applied to humans.” Encyclopaedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, by Kathryn A. Bard, pg 329, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=PG6HffPwmuMC&pg=PA329&dq=bard,+egyptian,+race&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k8npT-K7NYanhAf6qdX1DA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=race&f=false〕〔“This latter proposition, denying that the language of race has any scientific validity, was given the official imprimatur of the United Nations in the postwar UNESCO Statement on Race.” – Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes – by Stephen Howe, pg 19, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=pFrm19cZhugC&pg=PA136&dq=race,+egypt,+anachronistic,+bard&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W2PnT5epNMLMhAeF8Zi9CQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=race&f=false〕 At the UNESCO "Symposium on the Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script" in Cairo in 1974, the Black hypothesis met with "profound" disagreement.〔''Ancient Civilizations of Africa, Volume 2'', edited by Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār, pp. (43–4 ).〕 Most participants concluded that the Ancient Egyptian population was indigenous to the Nile Valley, and was made up of people from north and south of the Sahara who were differentiated by their color.〔Ancient Civilizations of Africa, Volume 2, edited by Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn Mukhtār, pg 46, at http://books.google.co.za/books?id=gZWuVAL2GooC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=%2BUNESCO,+%2BMokhtar,+%2BCairo,+%2Brace&source=bl&ots=jUA2EFHbVZ&sig=5hU_vE1FJyXyb08-8s9DNIB9gng&hl=en&ei=FTLzSoybFJS2MNmT3OgF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=conclusion&f=false〕 ==History== Some modern scholars such as W.E.B. DuBois, Chancellor Williams, Cheikh Anta Diop, John G. Jackson, Ivan van Sertima, Martin Bernal and Segun Magbagbeola have supported the theory that the Ancient Egyptian society was mostly Black. The frequently criticized ''Journal of African Civilizations''〔Muhly: "Black Athena versus Traditional Scholarship," Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 3, no 1: 83–110〕 has continually advocated that Egypt should be viewed as a Black civilization.〔Snowden p. 117〕〔Homepage of the (Journal of African Civilizations )〕 The debate was popularized throughout the 20th century by the aforementioned scholars, with many of them using the terms "Black," "African," and "Egyptian" interchangeably,〔Snowden p.116 of ''Black Athena Revisited"〕 despite what Frank Snowden calls "copious ancient evidence to the contrary."〔 , available here: http://www.michaelsheiser.com/PaleoBabble/Snowden%20Misconceptions.pdf〕 In the mid 20th century, the proponents of the Black African theory presented what G. Mokhtar referred to as "extensive" and "painstakingly researched" evidence〔〔〔 to support their views, which contrasted sharply with prevailing views on Ancient Egyptian society. Diop and others believed the prevailing views were fueled by scientific racism and based on poor scholarship. Diop used a multi-faceted approach to counteract prevailing views on the Ancient Egyptian's origins and ethnicity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Egyptian hypothesis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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